ம்‌) ( Definition - 1 mark, Advantages- (4x1= 4)

Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in
geodetic work. Traverse networks involved placing the survey stations along a line or path of travel,
and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point. Traverse
networks have many advantages of other systems, including:

Less reconnaissance and organization needed;

While in other systems, which may require the survey to be performed along a rigid

polygon shape, the traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great deal
of different terrains;

Only a few observations need to be taken at each station, whereas in other survey
networks a great deal of angular and linear observations need to be made and considered;

Traverse networks are free of the strength of figure considerations that happen n
triangular systems;

Scale error does not add up as the traverse is performed. Azimuth swing errors can also
be reduced by increasing the distance between stations.

4) ( Explain any 5 errors, (5x3= 15)

GPS range and carrier-phase measurements are both affected by several types of random

errors and biases (systematic errors). Errors arise from a variety of sources.

Satellite positions (geometry) Weather Multipath Timing errors

These errors are broadly classified into;

(a) those originating at the satellites: ephemeris, or orbital, errors, satellite clock errors,
and the effect of selective availability.

(b) those originating at the receiver: receiver clock errors, multipath error, receiver noise,
and antenna phase center variations

.(c) those that are due to signal propagation (atmospheric refraction) delays of the GPS signal
as it passes through the ionospheric and tropospheric layers of the atmosphere