31.

32.
33.
34.

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3 D 11820
Section D

Answer any two questions.
Each question carries 10 marks.

What are critical constants ? Derive expressions for critical constants in terms of van der Waal’s
constants.

Explain Hess’s law and formulate Kirchoff’s equation.
Discuss the concept of chemical potential and draft Gibbs Duhem equation.

Provide the thermodynamic derivation of Law of chemical equilibrium and comment on the

spontaneity of a reaction in terms of free energy change and equilibrium constant.

(2 x 10 = 20 marks)

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