Integrating both sides,

17 ட ன.
[in Vin − ರ್ಥ
४2 _ _ ४
5 t
7 ۷ = Ve FC ... (4)

Thus if time t is known, the resistance R’ can be obtaining by measuring voltages V,

and ‏.ولا‎ The same test is repeated with unknown resistance R removed. Then C discharges
through only R,. Then expression is given by,

ಳ = ५, € घट ... )5(

Thus the value of the leakage resistance of the capacitor can also be found out using
this method. Note that in this method, leakage resistance of the voltmeter can be neglected
if its value of low. If it is high, then it must be considered alongwith R,.

A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that
varies its output voltage in responsetoa
magnetic field. Hall effect sensors are used
for proximity switching, positioning, speed
detection, and current sensing applications.|]

In a Hall effect sensora thin strip of metal has
a current applied along it, in the presence ofa
magnetic field the electrons are deflected
towards one edge of the metal strip,
producing a voltage gradient across the short-
side of the strip (perpendicular to the feed
current). Inductive sensors are justa coil of
wire, in the presence of a changing magnetic
field a current will be induced in the coil,
producing a voltage at its output. Hall effect
sensors have the advantage that they can
detect static (non-changing) magnetic fields.

In its simplest form, the sensor operates as
an analog transducer, directly returning a
voltage. With a known magnetic field, its
distance from the Hall plate can be
determined. Using groups of sensors, the
relative position of the magnet can be
deduced.