loss of head between the main and throat is 0.2 times the kinetic head of pipe. b) What is a Cipolletti
weir? Derive an expression for discharge through it. (5)

PART ^
Answer any two full questions, each carries 20 marks
7 2) A fluid of viscosity 0.7Ns/m? and specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a (10)
circular pipe of diameter 200mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is
given as 196.2 N/m”. Find: i) Pressure gradient ii) Average velocity

111) Reynold’s number of the flow. 9) Derive an expression for the loss of head due to friction in pipes.
(10)

8 9) Define the following: (10) i) Laminar boundary layer ii) Turbulent boundary layer

iii) Laminar sub layer
b) What is meant by boundary layer separation? What is the effect of pressure (10)
gradient on boundary layer separation.

9 ‏رو‎ A horizontal pipe-line 50 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and (10) discharges freely
into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 30 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 200
mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 400 mm. The height of water level in the tank
is 10 m above the centre of the pipe. Considering all minor losses, determine the rate of flow. Take f
= 0.01 for both sections. Also draw the hydraulic gradient line and total energy line.

b) Water is flowing over a thin smooth plate of length 4 m and width 2m at a (10) velocity
of 1 71/52. If the boundary layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent at a Reynold
number 5 x 10°. Find:

i) Distance from leading edge up to which boundary layer is
laminar. ii) Thickness of boundary layer at the transition point iii)
the drag force on one side of the plate. Assume viscosity of water as
9.81 x 10 + Ns/m?.