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developing countries are seldom protected from direct contact and injury, and the co-disposal of
hazardous and medical wastes with MSW poses serious health threat. Exhaust fumes from waste
collection vehicles, dust stemming from disposal practices and the open burning of waste also
contribute to overall health problems. People know that poor sanitation affects their health,
especially in developing and low-income countries, where the people are the most willing to pay
for environmental improvements.

Module 11

10 a) Explain the Zero waste concepts. (3)
b) | Enumerate the causes of air, water and soil pollution from MSW. (3)

௦) What can be done 10 minimize the adverse health impacts and environment (4)
degradation due to MSW?
Stories/Cases/Data set - 3

(Stories/Cases/Data set)

We outline a path to sustainable development that would give future generations the chance to be
as well-off as their predecessors without running out of natural resources, especially metals. To
this end, we have to consider three key resources: (1) the geosphere or primary resources, (2) the
technosphere or secondary resources, which can be recycled and (3) human ingenuity and
creativity. We have two resource extremes: natural resources which are completely consumed
(fossil fuels) versus natural resources (metals) which are wholly recyclable and can be used
again. Metals survive use and are merely transferred from the geosphere to the technosphere.
There will, however, always be a need for contributions from the geosphere to offset inevitable
metal losses in the technosphere. But we do have a choice. We do not need raw materials as such,
only the intrinsic property of a material that enables it to fulfil a function. At the time when
consumption starts to level off, chances improve of obtaining most of the material for our
industrial requirements from the technosphere. Then favourable supply equilibrium can emerge.
Essential conditions for taking advantage of this opportunity: affordable energy and ingenuity to
find new solutions for functions, to optimize processes and to minimize losses in 170
technosphere.
Module 111

11 a) What are the key resources mentioned that will bring about sustainable (3)
development.
b) What are the challenges for bringing out sustainable development through (3)
recycling process?
c) Explain any three methods to attain the equilibrium. (4)

Stories/Cases/Data set - 4
(Stories/Cases/Data set)

Housing, being the very basic requirement that holds the key to accelerate social development in
many ways, the Government of Kerala launched a Mission named LIFE (Livelihood Inclusion
and Financial Empowerment) which envisages a comprehensive housing scheme for all the
landless and homeless in Kerala State. The target of the mission is to provide safe housing to
nearly 4.30 lakhs of homeless in the State within a period of 5 years. Also, the homeless will be
provided with provision for pursuing their livelihoods, converging social services including
Primary Health Care, Geriatric Supports, Skill Development and provision for financial services
inclusion. Priority will be given to coastal population, plantation workers and those who stay in
temporary shelters in government lands.

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